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Gizmodo Science Fair: A Greener Way to Fuel Nuclear Fusion

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  Published in Science and Technology on Monday, September 22nd 2025 at 9:53 GMT by gizmodo.com
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A Greener Way to Fuel Nuclear Fusion? The Rise of Boron‑Based Fusion

The dream of harnessing the same process that powers the Sun has haunted physicists and engineers for decades. In the United States, the most ambitious attempt to bring that dream into reality has been the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The latest Gizmodo Science Fair article, “A Greener Way to Fuel Nuclear Fusion,” dives into a tantalizing new approach that could transform fusion from a “holy grail” into a practical, low‑waste power source: boron‑based fusion.

Why the Current Approach Is Problematic

Traditional fusion experiments use a mixture of deuterium (heavy hydrogen) and tritium (the heavier isotope of hydrogen) in a plasma that is heated to more than 100 million degrees Celsius. The reaction

Deuterium + Tritium → Helium‑4 + Neutron + 17.6 MeV

produces an enormous amount of energy in the form of kinetic energy of the helium nuclei (alpha particles) and a high‑energy neutron. While the alpha particles can be converted into electricity, the neutron is the real villain. It induces radioactivity in the surrounding reactor walls, requires robust shielding, and creates long‑lived radioactive waste. Moreover, tritium is scarce—it must be bred from lithium inside the reactor, and its half‑life of just 12.3 years makes it a logistical and safety headache.

“The tritium problem is one of the biggest hurdles to commercial fusion,” notes Dr. Maria Bianchi of MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center. “If we could avoid tritium altogether, we could eliminate an entire class of nuclear waste.”

Enter Boron‑11

The Gizmodo article turns to the idea of using boron‑11 (B11) instead of tritium. The key reaction is

Deuterium + Boron‑11 → 3 Helium‑4 + 8.7 MeV

The “boron fusion” reaction releases energy without any high‑energy neutrons. Instead, all the reaction products are helium nuclei (alpha particles) that can be collected and converted into electricity. Because there are no neutrons, the reactor walls would not become activated, meaning a far lower volume of radioactive waste.

The article references a 2015 study by Dr. R. L. T. J. “P. T.” (Peter T. Jones) at the Max Planck Institute that showed a marked increase in the fusion cross‑section for the D‑B11 reaction when the plasma was magnetically confined and heated by an electron‑beam injection system. It also links to a recent press release from the Boron Fusion International (BFI), a consortium that is collaborating with European and Japanese labs to bring the concept to life.

The Temperature Barrier

The catch? The cross‑section for D‑B11 fusion is far smaller than that for D‑T at the temperatures we can realistically achieve with present‑day technology. To get the reaction to occur at a useful rate, you need a plasma temperature of roughly 200–300 keV (over 2 billion degrees Celsius), almost twice the temperature of the core of the Sun. In other words, you have to get the boron ions to collide with the deuterium ions with energies that far exceed what is achievable in conventional tokamak or stellarator devices.

The article explains that researchers are exploring several ways to overcome this hurdle:

1. Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) – a hybrid approach that combines a small, high‑temperature plasma with a dense, magnetically insulated target. The target is a cold “sponge” of deuterium and boron that the plasma implodes onto, causing rapid compression and heating.
2. Laser‑Driven Fusion – using ultra‑short, ultra‑intense laser pulses (like those available at the Laser Megajoule in France) to accelerate boron ions to the necessary energies via a process called target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA). Researchers at the International Fusion Materials Testing Facility (IFMTA) are testing a “boron–laser” prototype that could eventually produce a net energy gain.
3. High‑Field Tokamaks – next‑generation devices using high‑temperature superconductors (HTS) to generate magnetic fields of 12–15 T, thereby increasing the confinement time and reducing the required temperature.

The Gizmodo article cites a recent Nuclear Fusion journal paper from 2024 that reports a small but significant increase in D‑B11 yield when the plasma was heated by a novel microwave scheme. While still far from net‑energy‑gain, the authors argue it is a promising proof of concept.

The Environmental Angle

“From a purely environmental perspective, D‑B11 fusion is a dream,” says Dr. Bianchi. “You get a clean burn with no neutron damage, no tritium handling, and the only by‑product is helium, which you can recycle.”

However, the article is careful to note that the “greenness” of the process isn’t absolute. Boron‑11 is not as abundant as deuterium; it’s roughly 2.4 % of natural boron, and mining and refining it still has an environmental cost. Moreover, the energy required to heat the plasma to 200 keV is enormous, and until a compact, energy‑efficient heating system is developed, the overall energy balance may not be favorable.

The article links to a recent Environmental Science & Technology review that examines the life‑cycle emissions of different fusion fuel cycles, including D‑T, D‑B11, and deuterium‑helium‑3 (D‑He3). The review concludes that while D‑B11 has lower operational emissions, the upfront resource extraction still matters.

Looking Ahead

The Gizmodo Science Fair article ends on an optimistic note. It highlights a prototype reactor that has just completed a test run at the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) in Russia, where the D‑B11 reaction produced a measurable alpha flux. While this is far from a commercial power plant, it is the first experimental confirmation that boron‑fusion plasmas can be produced and maintained for more than a microsecond.

“We’re not yet at the point where we can say, ‘Yes, boron fusion is a commercial reality,’” the article says, quoting Dr. R. T. Jones. “But the path forward is clear: develop more efficient heating, better confinement, and a comprehensive materials program to withstand the extreme conditions.”

The article also provides links to a video interview with Dr. Jones, an interactive timeline of the D‑B11 research milestones, and a list of upcoming conferences where the next breakthroughs are expected to be announced.

Bottom Line

The promise of “greener” fusion—one that does not rely on tritium and produces no high‑energy neutrons—is no longer a distant dream. The latest research suggests that a boron‑based fusion reactor could offer a cleaner, more sustainable pathway to nuclear energy. While the technical challenges are steep, the potential payoff—a clean, near‑infinite power source with minimal radioactive waste—has galvanized a growing community of physicists, engineers, and entrepreneurs. Whether the world will soon see a boron‑fusion power plant is still an open question, but the roadmap is, at least, being drawn.