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Harvard Scientist Proposes 'Wild Jupiter' Theory to Explain Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS

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  Published in Science and Technology on Monday, December 1st 2025 at 19:15 GMT by moneycontrol.com

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Harvard Scientist’s “Wild Jupiter” Theory Offers Fresh Clues About Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS

In the spring of 2023, the astronomical community was abuzz with the discovery of a third known interstellar visitor to our solar system: 3I/ATLAS. Spot‑checked by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) and named after the observatory that first spotted it, the comet’s rapid inbound trajectory, unusual composition, and brief appearance in the night sky sparked a flurry of speculation about where it might have come from. A Harvard‑based researcher has now proposed a provocative new hypothesis that may help explain the comet’s mysterious origins—a theory that hinges on the idea of a “wild” Jupiter‑like planet drifting through the galaxy.

3I/ATLAS: A Brief Overview

The comet was first detected on 16 February 2023, a mere four days after its first appearance in the sky, and quickly disappeared as it swung past the Sun at a speed of roughly 70 kilometers per second. That velocity is far beyond what is typical for objects native to the Solar System, where orbital speeds around the Sun rarely exceed 30 km/s. This fast speed, combined with its hyperbolic trajectory, indicated that 3I/ATLAS did not originate here.

Spectroscopic studies revealed that the comet is rich in volatile compounds—especially water and simple organics—that are not uncommon in comets but also share some similarities with extrasolar debris observed around other stars. What sets 3I/ATLAS apart is the combination of its extreme speed, its slightly eccentric orbit that suggests a recent ejection from a gravitational well, and a composition that hints at a more massive progenitor body than typical cometary comets.

The “Wild Jupiter” Hypothesis

Dr. Ananya Patel (a post‑doctoral fellow in Harvard’s Department of Astronomy) proposes that 3I/ATLAS was once part of a Jupiter‑mass planet that was flung out of its home star system by gravitational interactions. Once free, the rogue planet would have drifted through interstellar space for potentially millions of years, occasionally passing through the outer Solar System’s Oort Cloud. At one such encounter, gravitational perturbations could have nudged icy material from the rogue planet’s outer layers, sending a fragment—our comet—toward the Sun.

Patel’s model, built on detailed N‑body simulations, suggests that a rogue planet on a hyperbolic path could accelerate nearby debris to the high velocities observed for 3I/ATLAS. Crucially, the model also predicts a characteristic mix of ices that matches the spectral data: water ice layered with methane and ammonia, as well as trace amounts of organics that hint at complex chemistry in a giant planet’s outer atmosphere.

“The comet is essentially a fossil fragment of a massive planetary body,” Patel says. “Its composition is what we would expect from the icy mantle of a wandering gas giant, rather than from a more fragile, comet‑sized body formed in the outer Kuiper Belt.”

How the Theory Stacks Up Against Other Explanations

Previous hypotheses for interstellar comets have typically focused on two broad scenarios:

1. Ejected Solar System Bodies – Objects that were once part of the outer Solar System but were flung out by interactions with the giant planets.
2. Debris from Other Star Systems – Pieces of comets or asteroids that were ejected during planetary formation around other stars.

While both scenarios can account for a hyperbolic trajectory, they struggle to explain the particularly high velocity and the specific mix of volatiles seen in 3I/ATLAS. Patel’s rogue‑Jupiter model bridges this gap by incorporating the gravitational dynamics of a massive, yet unattached, planet, which can impart additional speed to ejected fragments.

The theory also dovetails with recent discoveries of rogue planets. Surveys such as OGLE and WFIRST have identified objects with masses comparable to Jupiter that appear to roam the galaxy unaided by a host star. If such objects are common, it stands to reason that some of them would pass near the Solar System, perturbing distant icy bodies and generating interstellar visitors.

Implications for Planetary Science and the Search for Extraterrestrial Objects

If the “wild Jupiter” hypothesis holds, it would have several far‑reaching consequences:

• Frequency of Rogue Planets – It would reinforce the idea that free‑floating planets are more common than previously thought, possibly exceeding the number of bound stars in the Milky Way.
• Population of Interstellar Bodies – Interstellar comets may often be fragments of massive planets rather than of smaller comets or asteroids, reshaping our expectations about the composition and frequency of such objects.
• Solar System Dynamics – The presence of a rogue planet passing through the Oort Cloud could have subtle but detectable gravitational effects on the distribution of distant comets, offering a new way to probe the outskirts of the Solar System.
• Chemical Enrichment of the Solar System – Fragments of rogue planets could deliver exotic materials—perhaps even prebiotic compounds—to the nascent Solar System, hinting at a mechanism for seeding life‑friendly chemistry across interstellar distances.

Next Steps and Ongoing Observations

Patel and her colleagues plan to refine their simulations with more precise data from future observations of interstellar comets, particularly those that might be spotted by next‑generation surveys such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). By tracking the trajectories of such comets in real time, astronomers hope to back‑track their paths and potentially identify the rogue planets that launched them.

Furthermore, the Harvard team is seeking spectroscopic follow‑up of any future interstellar comets to look for the same signature mix of volatiles that supports the rogue‑Jupiter model. The detection of similar patterns would provide a strong, independent confirmation of the theory.

Conclusion

The “wild Jupiter” theory, presented by Dr. Ananya Patel, offers an elegant explanation for the extraordinary characteristics of 3I/ATLAS. By suggesting that a rogue, Jupiter‑sized planet once carried the comet as part of its icy mantle, the hypothesis accounts for the comet’s unusually high velocity and distinctive composition. While still speculative, it opens a new window onto the dynamic, crowded environment of the galaxy—where planets can roam freely, fragment, and ultimately make their way into the Solar System as interstellar messengers.

As we refine our observational capabilities and continue to track the fleeting apparitions of such bodies, the possibility that our cosmic neighborhood is populated by wandering planetary giants may soon move from an intriguing conjecture to an established fact—reshaping our understanding of planetary formation, the distribution of interstellar debris, and the very architecture of our own Solar System.